Chemistry and Mathematics

Learning Objectives

• Chemistry

  All the topics of the program concern to the area of ​​preliminary knowledge.
  
  The course aims to provide students the basic contents to learn and understand the language of chemistry. In particular, the course aims at:
  
  - providing a chemical reading key for understanding natural phenomena;
  
  - knowledge of the main classes of inorganic molecules and their reactivity.
  
  - identification, writing and naming of the main classes of organic molecules, including biomolecules
  
  - understanding of the three-dimensional structure of organic molecules with particular regard to their stereochemical properties;
  
  - the structure-property-reactivity relationships of basic organic compounds
  
  
  The concepts and fundamental knowledge of Chemistry acquired by the student at the end of the course will use as basis for learning the subjects with the chemical content of the three-year degree course
  
  
  At the end of the lessons, the students should acquire:
  
  - Orientation on the periodic table with the main properties of the elements.
  
  - Familiarity with the nomenclature and the acid-base properties of the most common chemical compounds.
  
  - Ability to discuss the various types of chemical bonds in some compounds.
  
  - Perform balance of reactions, including redox reactions.
  
  - Proceed correctly with the stoichiometric calculations.
  
  - Ability to perform calculations for the acid-base balance in aqueous solution.
  
  - Capacity, given a structural formula, attribution of the IUPAC name and an organic compound or, given the name dating back to the formula.
  
  - Ability to recognize the main linked and reactive characteristics of the most common classes of organic compounds, including the main classes of biomolecules.

• Mathematics

  The course intends to provide students the basic math concepts, and will also provide the basics of differential and integral calculus that will be used in specific disciplines. Students will be stimulated in learning math methods and results and developing their ability to use the same for problem solving. There will also be given a concrete idea, through various examples and applications, about the importance of mathematics in applications.

Course Structure

• Chemistry

  Lectures and classroom exercises.
  In particular, the teaching consists of 70 hours of classroom lessons, for which the teacher uses slides that will be available to students through the STUDIUM platform.
  During the course, some lessons will be dedicated exclusively to conducting classroom exercises based on the topics covered in class.

• Mathematics

  Traditional (teacher up front) lessons.

Detailed Course Content

• Chemistry

  I part General Chemistry
  
  1. Introduction: Classification of the matter; heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures; pure substances: particles, elements and compounds; properties of matter; the states of matter; chemical and physical transformations; quantities and units of measurement; the international metric system.
  2. Structure of the atom: particles, elements and compounds; properties of matter; the states of matter; chemical and physical transformations; quantities and units of measurement; the international metric system.
  2. Structure of the atom: subatomic particles and hints of atomic theory: electron, proton, neutron; atomic number, mass number; isotopes; atomic mass unit; Atomic model of Bohr / Rutherford; mechanical / wave description of the atom; quantum numbers, atomic orbitals s, p and d; The Pauli exclusion principle; principle of the greatest multiplicity; rule of the octet; fundamental configuration orbitals.
  3. The periodic table. Electronic configuration of atoms and periodicity of chemical properties; the periodic table and its characteristics; ionization energy; electronic affinity; electronegativity
  4. The chemical bond: Valence electrons and Lewis structures; classification of chemical bonds; oxidation number; dative bond; molecular geometries: hybridization of orbitals and VSEPR theory; σ and π bonds; resonance. Weak interactions: Van der Waals and London forces, hydrogen bond.
  5. Chemical compounds (part I): Ionic compounds and molecular compounds. Formulas, nomenclature and properties of compounds; binary compounds: hydrides, oxides, peroxides and hydracids; ternary compounds: oxyacids and hydroxides; Salts; particularity of some elements; metal cations and polyatomic anions. Exercises.
  6. Chemical compounds (part II): The concept of mole and the Avogadro number; molecular weight; laws of stoichiometry; determination of the formula of a compound; the chemical equation and its balance; concert of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constants; identification of redox reactions; balance of redox reactions; Stoichiometric calculations: quantitative ratios in chemical reactions; limiting reagent. Exercises.
  7. Solutions: The liquid state and the solutions: solvation of the solutes; solubility; concentration of the solutions:% P / P,% V / V,% P / V, molarity, molality, molar fraction, ppm; colligative properties of the solutions: lowering of the vapor pressure and Raoult's law; cryoscopy and ebullioscopy; osmosis and osmotic pressure; electrolytic solutions; colligative properties of electrolytes; dissociation degree. Exercises.
  8. Ionic equilibria in aqueous solution: ionic product of water and pH; theory of acids and bases: Acids and Bases of Arrhenius and Bronsted; Lewis acid-base theory; polyprotic acids; calculation of the pH of strong acids and bases; calculation of the pH of weak acids and bases; hydrolysis reactions and calculation of the pH of saline solutions; buffer solutions; notes on acid-base titrations; pH indicators; solubility of salts and solubility product. Exercises.

   

  II part: ELEMENTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  1. Carbon chemistry: organic compounds; functional groups; classification of organic compounds and nomenclature; representation of organic molecules.
  2. Outline of stereochemistry: constitutional isomerism and stereoisomerism; chirality; stereocenters; diastereoisomers and enantiomers; optical activity; nomenclature R, S and D, L; meso compounds; geometric isomerism: cis / trans isomerism.
  3. The reactions in organic chemistry. reaction mechanisms; carbocations, carbanions and radicals; Reaction classification: substitution, elimination and addition; acid-base reactions and redox reactions of organic compounds; definition of regio-selective, stereo-selective and stereospecific reactions.
  4. Alkanes: nomenclature; physical properties; sources and reactions: radical substitution. Cyclic hydrocarbons.
  5. Alkenes and reaction mechanisms: nomenclature; cis-trans isomerism; physical properties; dienes, trienes and polyenes; examples of alkenes in nature: terpene; alkenes reactions: addition of halogenidric acids; addition of water; addition of halogens; catalytic hydrogenation; polymerization; conjugated dienes reactions.
  6. Alchines: nomenclature; acidity of alkynes; alkynes reactions: addition of halogenidric acids and halogens, reduction to alkanes.
  7. Alkyl halides: structure and nomenclature; alkyl halide reactions: nucleophilic substitution SN1 and SN2 kinetics and stereochemistry; effect of the substrate, of the nucleophile, of the leaving group and of the solvent in the reaction mechanism; elimination reactions E1 and E2. Competition between substitution and elimination reactions.
  8. Aromatic compounds. Benzene structure; aromatic behaviour of benzene, nomenclature; reactivity: aromatic electrophilic substitutions: halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation. Effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation. Phenols (outline): electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Natural phenolic compounds.
  9. Alcohols: structure and nomenclature; physical characteristics; acidity and basicity; reactions of alcohols: transformation into alkenes; conversion to alkyl halides; oxidation of alcohols; polyacols and thiols (outline).
  10. Ethers, epoxides and sulphides (outline): nomenclature; cyclic ethers and epoxides.
  11. Aldehydes and ketones: structure and characteristics of the carbonyl group; nomenclature; nucleophilic addition reactions: addition of water, alcohols; reduction and oxidation of carbonyl compounds; aldol condensation; formation of hemiacetals and acetals, hemichetals and ketals.
  12. Carboxylic acids and derivatives: structure and nomenclature; acidity; conversion of acids into acyl halides, esters, anhydrides and amides; reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives.
  13. Amines: structure and nomenclature; basicity; reactions with nitrous acid.
  14. Carbohydrates: classification and nomenclature; monosaccharide configuration; Fischer projections; reactivity: cyclic forms; disaccharides: maltose, sucrose, lactose; polysaccharides: cellulose, starch, glycogen.
  15. Amino acids and protein: structure of amino acids; natural amino acids. Isoelectric point; peptide bond; synthesis of dipeptides; primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.
  16. Lipids (outline): classification and structure; fats, oils; waxes; saponification; phospholipids and steroids.

   

  
  

• Mathematics
  • Sets. Operations between Sets. Relations. N, Z, Q, R.
  • Goniometry, goniometric functions and first properties.
  • Trigonometry, sine theorem, carnot theorem, applications to problems with right-angled triangles.
  • Matrices. Determinant of a matrix. Reduced matrices. Rank of an array. Product columns. Inverse matrix.
  • Linear systems. Cramer's theorem. Rouche-Capelli Theorem.
  • Analytical geometry in the plain. Points. Distances, line equations, angular coefficient, properties, parallelism, perpendicularity.
  • Circumference. Intersection between a straight and a circumference.
  • Functions. Domain of a function. Monotonous functions.
  • Limits of functions. Theorems.
  • Derivative of a function and its geometric meaning. Elementary Derivatives. Deriving rules: sum of functions, function products, composite functions.
  • Maximum and minumum of a function. Theorems.
  • Primitive of a function. Indefinite integral. Defined Integral.

Textbook Information

• Chemistry

  1. CHIMICA, Whitten, Davis, Peck, Stanley; PICCIN
  2. CHIMICA, Kotz, Treichel, Weaker; EdiSES
  3. CHIMICA, M. S. Silberberg; McGRAW HILL
  4. STECHIOMETRIA PER LA CHIMICA GENERALE, Michelin Lausarot Vaglio; Piccin.
  5. INTRODUZIONE ALLA CHIMICA ORGANICA, Brown, Poon; EdiSES.
  6. FONDAMENTI DI CHIMICA ORGANICA, J.G. Smith; McGRAW HILL.
  7. FONDAMENTI DI CHIMICA ORGANICA, Wade; Piccin.

• Mathematics

  (1) M. Gionfriddo: Istituzioni di Matematiche. Tringale Editore

  (2) M.Gionfriddo, B. Mtarazzo, S. Milici: Esercitazioni di matematiche. Spazio Libri.

  (3) P. Marcellini, C. Sbordone: Elementi di Matematica. Liguori Editore.

  (4) C. Sbordone e F. Sbordone: Matematica per le scienze della vita. EdiSES

  (5) V. Villani, Matematica per discipline biomediche. Mc Graw-Hill

  In linea di massima si farà riferimento al testo 1. Approfondimenti e chiarimenti si possono trovare nei testi consigliati.