PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Module BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CROPS

The course aims to provide students with fundamental knowledge of the biology, morphology, and physiology of cultivated plants. Students will acquire basic skills in cellular characteristics, life cycles, structure, and function of plant organs, with particular emphasis on fundamental physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, transport, and nutrition.

1. Cell Biology and Plant Life Cycles

- Plant Cell: Characteristics and Differences from Animal Cell

- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: General Characteristics

- Cellular Organelles: Cell Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Plastids, Vacuole, Cell Wall

- Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

- Plant Life Cycle: From the Zygote to Organism Development

- Vegetative and Reproductive Cycle of Angiosperms (From the Zygote to the Seed)

- Role of Light in Biological Processes and Plant Development (Photomorphogenesis, Photoreceptors, Light, and Hormones)

2. Plant Morphology and Organization

- Plant Organographies: Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower, Fruit, and Seed

- Morphological Differences between Herbaceous and Arboreal Plants

- Plant Tissues: Meristems, Parenchyma, Mechanical, Integumental, Conductive, and Secretory Tissues

- Flower: Structure, Function, and Development. Pollination and Fertilization

- Seed and Fruit Formation. Types of Fruit

- Morphological Adaptations to Function and Environment

3. Physiology of Cultivated Plants

- Leaf Transpiration and Water Movement in Plants

- Photosynthesis: Light Phases and the Calvin Cycle

- Cellular Respiration and the Krebs Cycle

- Absorption and Transport of Mineral Nutrients

- Translocation of Photoassimilates through the Phloem

- Phytohormones and Growth Regulation: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic Acid

- Relationship between Physiology and Productivity of Cultivated Plants